A yau, za mu fara da mai da hankali kan TCP. Tun da farko a cikin babin kan layi, mun ambaci wani muhimmin batu. A Layer na cibiyar sadarwa da kuma ƙasa, ya fi game da host to host connections, wanda ke nufin kwamfutarka na bukatar sanin inda wata kwamfuta take domin jona da ita. Koyaya, sadarwa a cikin hanyar sadarwa galibi ita ce hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa maimakon sadarwa ta injina. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar TCP ta gabatar da manufar tashar jiragen ruwa. Za a iya mamaye tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanya ɗaya kawai, wanda ke ba da sadarwa kai tsaye tsakanin hanyoyin aikace-aikacen da ke gudana akan runduna daban-daban.
Ayyukan layin sufuri shine yadda ake samar da sabis na sadarwa kai tsaye tsakanin hanyoyin aikace-aikacen da ke gudana akan runduna daban-daban, don haka kuma ana kiranta da ƙa'idar ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe. Layin jigilar kayayyaki yana ɓoye ainihin bayanan hanyar sadarwar, yana ba da damar aiwatar da aikace-aikacen don ganin kamar akwai tashar sadarwa ta ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshen ma'ana tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jigilar jigilar kayayyaki guda biyu.
TCP tana tsaye ne don Ka'idar Sarrafa Watsawa kuma an santa da ƙa'idar haɗin kai. Wannan yana nufin cewa kafin aikace-aikacen ɗaya ya fara aika bayanai zuwa ɗayan, matakan biyu dole ne su yi musafaha. Musafaha tsari ne na haɗe mai ma'ana wanda ke tabbatar da ingantaccen watsawa da karɓar bayanai cikin tsari. A yayin musafaha, an kafa haɗin kai tsakanin tushen da masu masaukin baki ta hanyar musayar jerin fakitin sarrafawa da yarda da wasu sigogi da ƙa'idodi don tabbatar da nasarar watsa bayanai.
Menene TCP? (Mylinking'sTaɓa hanyar sadarwakumaDillalan Fakitin hanyar sadarwazai iya aiwatar da duka TCP ko UDP Packets)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) haɗin kai ne mai daidaitacce, abin dogaro, ka'idar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar rafi mai rafi.
Haɗin kai-daidaitacce: Connection-oriented yana nufin cewa sadarwar TCP ta kasance ɗaya-zuwa-ɗaya, wato, sadarwa zuwa ƙarshen-zuwa-ƙarshe, ba kamar UDP ba, wanda zai iya aika saƙonni zuwa ga ma'aikata da yawa a lokaci guda, don haka sadarwa ɗaya zuwa dayawa ba za a iya cimma ba.
Abin dogaro: Amintaccen TCP yana tabbatar da cewa an ba da fakitin dogara ga mai karɓa ba tare da la'akari da canje-canje a cikin hanyar sadarwa ba, wanda ya sa tsarin fakitin yarjejeniya na TCP ya fi rikitarwa fiye da na UDP.
tushen Byte-rafi: Yanayin TCP na byte-rafi yana ba da damar watsa saƙonnin kowane girman kuma yana ba da garantin odar saƙo: ko da ba a karɓi saƙon da ya gabata cikakke ba, kuma ko da an karɓi bytes na gaba, TCP ba zai isar da su zuwa Layer na aikace-aikacen don sarrafawa ta atomatik ba.
Da zarar mai watsa shiri A da mai masaukin B sun kafa haɗin gwiwa, aikace-aikacen yana buƙatar amfani da layin sadarwa na zamani kawai don aikawa da karɓar bayanai, don haka tabbatar da watsa bayanai. Ka'idar TCP tana da alhakin sarrafa ayyuka kamar kafa haɗin gwiwa, yanke, da riƙewa. Ya kamata a lura cewa a nan mun ce layin kama-da-wane kawai yana nufin kafa haɗin gwiwa, haɗin haɗin gwiwar TCP kawai yana nuna cewa bangarorin biyu na iya fara watsa bayanai, kuma don tabbatar da amincin bayanan. Na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa ne ke sarrafa hanyoyin zirga-zirga da hanyoyin sufuri; ka'idar TCP kanta ba ta damu da waɗannan cikakkun bayanai ba.
Haɗin TCP sabis ne mai cikakken duplex, wanda ke nufin cewa mai watsa shiri A da mai watsa shiri B na iya watsa bayanai a bangarorin biyu a cikin haɗin TCP. Wato, ana iya canja wurin bayanai tsakanin mai watsa shiri A da mai watsa shiri B a cikin tafiyar bidirectional.
TCP yana adana bayanai na ɗan lokaci a cikin buffer ɗin aika haɗin haɗin. Wannan buffer na aika ɗaya ne daga cikin caches ɗin da aka saita yayin musafaha ta hanyoyi uku. Daga baya, TCP zai aika da bayanan a cikin cache aika zuwa ga ma'ajiyar ajiyar mai masaukin baki a lokacin da ya dace. A aikace, kowane takwarorinsu zai sami cache aikawa da ma'ajiyar karɓa, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan:
Buffer aikawa shine yanki na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda aiwatar da TCP ke kiyayewa a gefen mai aikawa wanda ake amfani da shi don adana bayanan da za a aika na ɗan lokaci. Lokacin da aka yi musafaha ta hanyoyi uku don kafa haɗi, ana saita cache ɗin aikawa kuma ana amfani da ita don adana bayanai. Ana daidaita ma'ajin aika da ƙarfi bisa ga cunkoson cibiyar sadarwa da martani daga mai karɓa.
Maɓallin karɓa yanki ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda aiwatar da TCP ke kiyayewa akan ɓangaren karɓa wanda ake amfani dashi don adana bayanan da aka karɓa na ɗan lokaci. TCP yana adana bayanan da aka karɓa a cikin cache ɗin da aka karɓa kuma yana jiran babban aikace-aikacen ya karanta.
Lura cewa girman cache aika da karɓar cache yana iyakance, lokacin da cache ya cika, TCP na iya ɗaukar wasu dabaru, kamar sarrafa cunkoso, sarrafa kwarara, da sauransu, don tabbatar da ingantaccen watsa bayanai da kwanciyar hankali na hanyar sadarwa.
A cikin cibiyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta, watsa bayanai tsakanin runduna ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar sassa. To menene sashin fakiti?
TCP yana ƙirƙirar ɓangaren TCP, ko ɓangaren fakiti, ta hanyar raba rafi mai shigowa cikin ƙugiya da ƙara masu kai TCP zuwa kowane chunk. Kowane Sashe ne kawai za a iya watsa shi don ƙayyadadden adadin lokaci kuma ba zai iya wuce Maɗaukakin Girman Yanki (MSS). A kan hanyarsa ta ƙasa, ɓangaren fakiti ya wuce ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Matsakaicin hanyar haɗin yanar gizon yana da Maɗaukakin Watsa Labarai (MTU), wanda shine matsakaicin girman fakitin da zai iya wucewa ta layin hanyar haɗin bayanai. Matsakaicin naúrar watsawa yawanci yana da alaƙa da haɗin sadarwa.
Don haka menene bambanci tsakanin MSS da MTU?
A cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta, tsarin gine-ginen yana da matukar muhimmanci saboda yana la'akari da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin matakan daban-daban. Kowane Layer yana da suna daban; A cikin layin sufuri, ana kiran bayanan yanki, kuma a cikin layin sadarwar, ana kiran bayanan fakitin IP. Saboda haka, Matsakaicin Rukunin Watsawa (MTU) ana iya ɗauka azaman Girman fakitin IP mafi girma wanda za'a iya watsa shi ta hanyar layin hanyar sadarwa, yayin da Matsakaicin Girman Yanki (MSS) shine ra'ayi Layer na sufuri wanda ke nufin matsakaicin adadin bayanai wanda fakitin TCP zai iya watsawa a lokaci guda.
Lura cewa lokacin da Matsakaicin Girman Sashe (MSS) ya fi girma fiye da Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), za a yi rarrabuwar IP a Layer cibiyar sadarwa, kuma TCP ba zai raba manyan bayanai zuwa sassan da suka dace da girman MTU ba. Za a sami wani sashe akan layin sadarwar da aka keɓe ga Layer IP.
Tsarin ɓangaren fakitin TCP
Bari mu bincika tsari da abubuwan da ke cikin taken TCP.
Lambar jeri: Lambar bazuwar da kwamfutar ke samarwa lokacin da aka kafa haɗin kai azaman ƙimar farko lokacin da aka kafa haɗin TCP, kuma ana aika jerin lambar zuwa mai karɓa ta hanyar fakitin SYN. Yayin watsa bayanai, mai aikawa yana ƙara lambar jeri gwargwadon adadin bayanan da aka aika. Mai karɓa yana yin hukunci akan tsari na bayanai bisa ga lambar jerin da aka karɓa. Idan bayanan ba su da tsari, mai karɓar zai sake yin odar bayanan don tabbatar da tsarin bayanan.
Lambar godiya: Wannan lamba ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin TCP don amincewa da karɓar bayanai. Yana nuna jerin jerin bayanai na gaba wanda mai aikawa ke tsammanin karba. A cikin haɗin TCP, mai karɓa yana ƙayyade wane bayanan da aka samu nasarar karɓa bisa ga jerin adadin ɓangaren fakitin bayanan da aka karɓa. Lokacin da mai karɓa ya sami nasarar karɓar bayanan, ya aika da fakitin ACK ga wanda ya aika, wanda ke ɗauke da lambar amincewa. Bayan karɓar fakitin ACK, mai aikawa zai iya tabbatar da cewa bayanan kafin amincewa da lambar amsa an samu nasarar karɓo.
Abubuwan sarrafawa na ɓangaren TCP sun haɗa da masu zuwa:
Farashin ACK: Lokacin da wannan bit ya zama 1, yana nufin cewa filin ba da amsa yana da inganci. TCP ya ƙayyade cewa dole ne a saita wannan bit zuwa 1 banda fakitin SYN lokacin da aka fara kafa haɗin.
Farashin RST: Lokacin da wannan bit ya kasance 1, yana nuna cewa akwai keɓancewa a cikin haɗin TCP kuma dole ne a cire haɗin haɗin.
SYN bit: Lokacin da aka saita wannan bit zuwa 1, yana nufin cewa za a kafa haɗin kuma an saita ƙimar farko na lambar jeri a filin lamba.
FIN bit: Lokacin da wannan bit ya zama 1, yana nufin cewa ba za a aika da ƙarin bayanan nan gaba ba kuma ana son haɗin.
Daban-daban ayyuka da halaye na TCP suna kunshe da tsarin sassan fakitin TCP.
Menene UDP? (MylinkingTaɓa hanyar sadarwakumaDillalan Fakitin hanyar sadarwazai iya aiwatar da duka TCP ko UDP Packets)
Yarjejeniyar Datagram mai amfani (UDP) yarjejeniya ce ta sadarwa mara haɗi. Idan aka kwatanta da TCP, UDP ba ya samar da hanyoyin sarrafawa masu rikitarwa. Ka'idar UDP tana ba da damar aikace-aikace don aika fakitin IP masu ruɓaɓɓen kai tsaye ba tare da kafa haɗi ba. Lokacin da mai haɓakawa ya zaɓi yin amfani da UDP maimakon TCP, aikace-aikacen yana sadarwa kai tsaye tare da IP.
Cikakken sunan UDP Protocol shine Yarjejeniyar Datagram mai amfani, kuma taken sa baiti takwas ne kawai (bits 64), wanda yake a takaice. Tsarin taken UDP shine kamar haka:
Manufa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa: Babban manufar su shine don nuna wanne tsari UDP yakamata ya aika fakiti.
Girman fakiti: Filin girman fakiti yana riƙe girman girman taken UDP tare da girman bayanan
Checksum: An ƙirƙira don tabbatar da isar da ingantacciyar isar da kawuna na UDP da bayanai Matsayin rajistan ayyukan shine gano ko kuskure ko cin hanci da rashawa ya faru yayin watsa fakitin UDP don tabbatar da amincin bayanan.
Bambance-bambance tsakanin TCP da UDP a Mylinking'sTaɓa hanyar sadarwakumaDillalan Fakitin hanyar sadarwazai iya aiwatar da duka TCP ko UDP Packets
TCP da UDP sun bambanta ta fuskoki masu zuwa:
Haɗin kai: TCP yarjejeniya ce ta hanyar sufuri wacce ke buƙatar kafa haɗin kai kafin a iya canja wurin bayanai. UDP, a gefe guda, baya buƙatar haɗi kuma yana iya canja wurin bayanai nan da nan.
Abun Sabis: TCP sabis ne mai maki biyu ɗaya zuwa ɗaya, wato, haɗin yana da maki biyu kawai don sadarwa tare da juna. Duk da haka, UDP tana goyan bayan ɗaya-zuwa-ɗaya, ɗaya-zuwa-da yawa, da yawa-zuwa-da yawa sadarwa, wanda zai iya sadarwa tare da ma'aikata da yawa a lokaci guda.
Dogara: TCP yana ba da sabis na isar da bayanai a dogara, tabbatar da cewa bayanan ba su da kuskure, ba asara, ba kwafi, kuma suna zuwa akan buƙata. UDP, a gefe guda, yana yin iyakar ƙoƙarinsa kuma baya bada garantin isar da abin dogaro. UDP na iya wahala daga asarar bayanai da sauran yanayi yayin watsawa.
Kula da cunkoso, sarrafa kwarara: TCP yana da tsarin kula da cunkoso da hanyoyin sarrafa kwarara, wanda zai iya daidaita yawan watsa bayanai bisa ga yanayin cibiyar sadarwa don tabbatar da tsaro da kwanciyar hankali na watsa bayanai. UDP ba shi da tsarin sarrafa cunkoso da hanyoyin sarrafa kwararar ruwa, koda kuwa cibiyar sadarwa tana da cunkoso sosai, ba za ta yi gyare-gyare ga adadin aikawa da UDP ba.
Kan kai sama: TCP yana da tsayin kai mai tsawo, yawanci 20 bytes, wanda ke ƙaruwa lokacin da ake amfani da filayen zaɓi. UDP, a gefe guda, yana da kafaffen kan kai na bytes 8 kawai, don haka UDP yana da ƙaramin kan saman sama.
Yanayin aikace-aikacen TCP da UDP:
TCP da UDP sune ka'idojin layin sufuri daban-daban, kuma suna da wasu bambance-bambance a yanayin aikace-aikacen.
Tun da TCP ƙa'idar haɗin kai ce, ana amfani da ita da farko a cikin al'amuran inda ake buƙatar isar da ingantaccen bayanai. Wasu lokuta na yau da kullun amfani sun haɗa da:
Canja wurin fayil FTP: TCP na iya tabbatar da cewa fayilolin ba su ɓace ba kuma sun lalace yayin canja wuri.
HTTP/HTTPS: TCP yana tabbatar da mutunci da daidaiton abun ciki na yanar gizo.
Saboda UDP ƙa'idar ce ta rashin haɗin kai, ba ta ba da garantin aminci ba, amma yana da halaye na inganci da ainihin lokaci. UDP ya dace da yanayin yanayi masu zuwa:
Ƙananan fakitin zirga-zirga, kamar DNS (Tsarin Sunan yanki): Tambayoyin DNS galibi gajerun fakiti ne, kuma UDP na iya kammala su cikin sauri.
Sadarwar multimedia kamar bidiyo da sauti: Don watsa shirye-shiryen multimedia tare da buƙatun ainihin lokaci, UDP na iya samar da ƙananan latency don tabbatar da cewa za a iya watsa bayanai a cikin lokaci.
Sadarwar watsa shirye-shirye: UDP yana goyan bayan ɗaya-zuwa-da yawa da yawa-zuwa-da yawa kuma ana iya amfani dashi don watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye.
Takaitawa
Yau mun koyi game da TCP. TCP hanyar haɗi ce ta daidaita, abin dogaro, ƙa'idar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar rafi mai rafi. Yana tabbatar da ingantaccen watsawa da kuma karɓar bayanai cikin tsari ta hanyar kafa haɗi, musafaha da yarda. Tsarin TCP yana amfani da tashoshin jiragen ruwa don gane sadarwa tsakanin matakai, kuma yana ba da sabis na sadarwa kai tsaye don aiwatar da aikace-aikacen da ke gudana akan runduna daban-daban. Haɗin TCP cikakke-duplex ne, yana ba da damar canja wurin bayanan bidirectional lokaci guda. Sabanin haka, UDP ƙa'idar sadarwa ce wacce ba ta da alaƙa, wanda baya bayar da garantin dogaro kuma ya dace da wasu al'amuran tare da buƙatun ainihin lokaci. TCP da UDP sun bambanta a yanayin haɗi, abu na sabis, amintacce, sarrafa cunkoso, sarrafa kwarara da sauran al'amura, kuma yanayin aikace-aikacen su ma sun bambanta.
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-03-2024
